Global Warming has already resulted in more frequent land and marine heatwaves and increases in the frequency of heavy precipitation events and droughts. At temperatures of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, 6% of insects, 8% of plants and 4% of vertebrates are predicted to lose over half of the area in which they normally live. If temperatures reach 2°C above pre-industrial levels, there will be decreases in the frequency of cold weather events with substantial increases in heat waves, exceptionally hot days, extreme drought, precipitation and water deficits, heavy precipitation events, floods, and the number of very intense cyclones. Increases in poverty, especially in Africa and Asia, and risks in the global supply of food, water, and energy are also predicted. At 2°C, 18% of insects, 16% of plants and 8% of vertebrates are predicted to lose over half of their natural range. The probability of losses to ocean and fisheries productivity and as well as damage to ecosystems including coral reefs, kelp forests, mangroves, seagrass beds, and wetlands is significantly greater at 2°C (Hoegh-Guldberg et al, 2018, IPCC Special Report Global Warming of 1.5°C, Chapter 3).